Participle I - Participle II.

Participle I - причастие настоящего времени. Обозначает действие, происходящее одновременно с действием, выраженным сказуемым.
Образуется от глагола при помощи окончания -ing.

stand - standing (стоящий)
look - looking (смотрящий)

Look at the man crossing the street.
Посмотри на человека, переходящего дорогу.


Participle II - причастие прошедшего времени. Обозначает действие, не происходящее одновременно с действием, выраженным сказуемым. Соответствует русскому страдательному причастию.
Представляет собой третью форму глагола или глагол с окончанием -ed.


give - given (данный)
break - broken (сломанный)

The letter received yesterday is from my aunt.
Письмо, полученное вчера, от моей тети.

Exercise

Project 7: Ecological Problems

1. Introduction.

I would like to tell you about ecological problems. The word environment means simply what is around us. The most serious environmental problems are
·    pollution in its many forms (water pollution, air pollution and nuclear pollution);
·         noise problems;
·         destruction of nature
·         shortage of natural resources;
·         the growth of population
I will tell you about some problems and how people can solve them.

2.     Dirty water
One of the most serious problems is water pollution.
вода грязная
почему она грязная
свой пример сложной ситуации

3.     Dirty air
The other serious problem which I want to tell you about is air pollution. (насколько слов про грязный воздух, который загрязняет здания, которым мы дышим; про фабрики и заводы)

(4. Some other difficult situations – по желанию)

5. How to solve the problems

6. Conclusion

ПРИМЕРНЫЙ ТЕКСТ:

Ecological Problems

     The world environment means what is around us. The air we breathe, the soil on which we stand and walk, the water we drink are all part of the environment. 

     Nowadays people understand how important it is to solve the environmental problems. The most serious environmental problems are:

- Pollution in its many forms;

- Noise from cars, buses, planes and other transports;

- Destruction of wildlife and countryside beauty;

- Shortage of natural resources;

- The growth of population.

     There is no ocean or sea which is not used as a dump. Many rivers and lakes are poisoned too. Fishes and reptiles can’t live in them. There is not enough oxygen in the water. In such places all the birds leave their habitats and many plants die. If people drink this water they can die too. It happens so because factories and plants produce a lot of waste and pours it into water places.

     To make air clean again we need good filters at nuclear power stations, at factories, plants and also in cars and buses. Both clean air and clean water are necessary for our health and for health of animals. If people want to survive they must solve these problems quickly. Man is beginning to understand that his environment is not just his own town or country but the whole earth. That’s why people all over the world think and speak so much about ecology.

Passive Voice

Present Perfect Continuous

Когда используется Present Perfect Continuous:

1. Present Perfect Continuous используется для передачи действия, которое началось в прошлом, длилось некоторое время и продолжает совершаться в настоящем. 

Например: 

She has been cooking dinner for three hours already. – Она готовит ужин уже три часа. (все это время она готовила и пока что не закончила, продолжает готовить)

I have been reading this book since the beginning of summer. – Я читаю эту книгу с начала лета. (прочел какую-то часть, но еще не закончил, продолжаю читать)

      2. Present Perfect Continuous используется для передачи длительного действия в прошлом, которое закончилось непосредственно перед моментом речи, и результат этого действия оказывает влияние на настоящее. 

Например:

The streets are wet. It has been raining all the morning. – На улице мокро. Все утро шел дождь.

We are very tired because we have been walking in the mountains since early morning. – Мы очень устали, так как гуляли в горах с раннего утра.

Время Present Perfect Continuous, как правило, не употребляется с глаголами состояния. В этом случае вместо него используется время Present Perfect.

Глаголы состояния передают состояния, чувства, отношения, умственные процессы и другие характеристики предмета. 

Например: to have, to love, to hate, to remember, to forget, to understand, to believe, to look, to feel, to hear, to see, to know и т.д.

Project 6: The Greenhouse Effect

Цель этого проекта – подробно разобраться, что такое парниковый эффект и как он работает

	План	Примеры текста
1a	What is “climate”	c.22 – первый абзац
1b	Climate changes: Introduction	Unfortunately, recently the climate in many places has changed. Some specialists say that it is because of the greenhouse effect.
2	How the greenhouse effect works. (рассказать и пояснить по картинке)	c.22 последний абзац. Со слов “It works like this”.
3	People’s activity and greenhouse effect	c23 – 1й-2й абзацы
4	Your own examples of climate changes. (один пример – «как было раньше», другой пример – «как сейчас»)	Предлагаю несколько вариантов, как готовить эту часть 1.      Спросить у бабушек и дедушек, какие были зимы на их памяти. Сравнить с погодой сейчас. 2.      Взять исторические факт, например трамвай на Неве, ледяные дворцы на Неве, катание на коньках по каналам в Голландии … 3.      Найти информацию по примера с.24 №20
5	Conclusion	Взять часть информации из с.23 – последний абзац

ПРИМЕРНЫЙ ТЕКСТ: 

The Greenhouse Effect

     Climate is the weather a certain place has over a long period of time. Climate has a very important influence on plants, animals and humans and is different in different parts of the world.

     Unfortunately, recently the climate in many places has changed. Winters have become warmer. Sometimes there is little snow in January, and there were winters when it rained on the New Year's Eve. Some specialists say that it is because of the greenhouse effect. It works like this: sunlight gives us heat. Some of the heat warms the atmosphere, and some of the heat goes back into space.

     But during the last 100 years people have produced a lot of carbon dioxide. This gas in the atmosphere works like glass in a greenhouse. It lets heat get in, but it doesn't let much heat get out. So the atmosphere becomes warmer. Where does the carbon dioxide come from? People and animals breathe in oxygen, and breathe out carbon dioxide. We produce carbon dioxide when we burn things. Trees take this gas from the air, and produce oxygen. But in the last few years, people have cut down and burn big areas of rainforest. This means there are fewer trees, and, of course, more carbon dioxide!

      СВОЙ ПРИМЕР КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ.

     

     As we see the climate in different parts of the world changes a little from year to year. These changes can be dangerous for our planet, which needs protection. Earth is millions of years old, much older than the humans. We know many of its secrets. Yet there is still much to learn.

Project 5: Weather Forecast

p.13:
1. Weather
2. Weather forecast
3. Weathermen

4. Your own weather forecast
Example of a card

ПРИМЕРНЫЙ ТЕКСТ:

    We do not always know what weather to expect. It is more serious whenfarmers lose their harvest because of the rain, or a sailor gets into troublewhen the wind rises.  On TV and radio there are daily weather forecasts. 

    Sometimes, the forecast is not quite right as the weather is not an easy thingto forecast. All day and night, weathermen are collecting information fromships, planes weather station, and space station.           With the help of thisinformation, they can understand what the weather will be like during the next few days.When the barometer shows high pressure, the weather will be calm. In winter it will be cold and frosty. In summer it usually means mistymornings and hot sunny days. When the barometer shows low pressure, lookout for rain and strong winds. As a result of the weathermen`s work we learnabout the weather.

+ ПРОГНОЗ ПО КАРТОЧКЕ

Learn the Words: Weather

Ex.13 p.10